Who Wants to be a Public Relations Practitioner ?
Kadek Dwi Cahaya Putra, S.Pd., M.Sc. *
In Conjunction with Bali Travel News’ PR Simpatik Award
BALI TRAVEL NEWS with its mission to maintain the image of Bali as one of the best tourist destinations in the world has long realized the very important role of Public Relations (refers to humas in Indonesian Language) for Bali. Therefore, Bali based Public Relations practitioners are well considered by conducting the only in Bali for Public Relations Awards called Public Relations Simpatik. In relation to this, the following piece of writing is attempted to give a simple introduction of what actually Public Relations is and who are eligible to work in that industry.
Public Relations is a profession, an academic field of study and an industry. It has recently been one of the most popular and developed professions especially in tourism-related organizations such as hotels and tour and travels. We often see in the mass media a Public Relations representative appears to represent his or her organization. A Public Relations officer usually appears in the mass medias in relation to activities in his/or organization such as interesting program or important events. Moreover, when an organization is under crisis or having problem, it is also the Public Relations officer who is in duty to speak out about the case. When there is an incident in a hotel; a guest dies, for example, it is the Public Relations Officer who explained the situation to the public. Bali Island also realizes the importance role of Public Relations to re-build its image and reputation as one of the best tourist destinations after being bombarded by seemingly endless crisis such as terrorist bombs, avian flu, unstable politics condition, natural disasters and so forth. Public Relations has been widely applied as an effective communication tool in varied activities such as media campaign, international level events or competitions, foreign journalists site visit and international road shows in order to support the Bali Recovery Program.
The increased role of Public Relations for business especially tourism-related organizations has demanded more highly qualified individuals to fulfill the position. It could be seen that almost all hotels nowadays employee Public Relations staff or representatives with various different titles showing their specialization such as Public Relations, Guest Relations Officer, Special Event Coordinator, Public Affairs, Community Relations, Government Relations and others. Surprisingly, the Public Relations practitioners are mostly not Public Relations course graduates. They tend to come from generalist background such as marketing, journalist, psychology and foreign language. A research on the profile of Public Relations officers in big organizations throughout the Great Britain showed that one quarter of the respondents were from generalist background where 35% had a journalist background and 25% had a degree in language. The rest were from various backgrounds such as Pharmacy, Physiology and Chemistry. Most of the practitioners also came into the Public Relations by chance. This condition also happened in Bali as one of the world’s most visited tourist destinations. Dwi Cahaya (2006) who researched fifteen Bali-based Public Relations practitioners, mostly in hotels, found that only one has a Public Relations degree (The London School of Public Relations, Jakarta). The others are mostly from Economics and tourism-related field of study such as Food and Beverage, Hotel Management, Business Administration and even Architecture. Apart from the formal Public Relations-related course, this occupation has given a wide chance from other general field of study such as Economics, Hotel Management, Marketing, Foreign Language and so forth to work in Public Relations industry. In the United Kingdom, Public Relations is one of the top three career choices for graduates (the UK Graduate Career Survey, 2003). So, who wants to be a Public Relations practitioner?
When I interviewed a number of Public Relations practitioners in Bali-based organization, mostly hotels, for my thesis, they described it words by words and by mentioning the activities of Public Relations as follows: “relations between organization and its publics”, “image and reputation building”, “spoke-person”, ‘promotion’, “media”, “meeting people”, “party”, “telling positive things about an organization”, “social activities”, “promotion”, and “advertising”. They are all actually correct because Public Relations covers quite many roles and activities which is mostly to maintain the image of the organization among its public by having a good long term relationships.
Public Relations has been present for decades but, the role is becoming far more important for an organization because its goal is not only providing goods or services but also establishing a good reputation by building and maintaining a good relationship. The simplest definition of Public Relations is that it is “the management of communication between an organisation and its public” (Grunig and Hunt, 1984). While Cutlip et al. (2000; p.6) define PR as “the management function that identifies, establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organisation and the various publics on whom its success or failure depends”. By “Public Relations” it is meant as communication within the organization or takes place in the organization- in or between departments, in or between subsidiaries, and between the organization and its external public such as local community, customers, government, suppliers, and investors.
It is also a bit confusing that one of Public Relations’ activities is considered as “promotion” or “marketing”. The definition of Public Relations as ‘promotion’ and ‘media’ is because Public Relations function has been used as a support for marketing activity in terms of ‘publicity’ aimed at media coverage to support sales. Public Relations actually plays a very important role in the organisations’ communication programs as supporting marketing of products and services as well as integrating the promotional mix.
Besides, Public Relations also refers to the image and reputation of a destination and an organization. This is because brand image playing a very significant role in the success of an organization along with the image of Bali. Therefore, the Public Relations is mainly aimed at maintaining the image and reputation of their organizations. As defined by CIPR, Public Relations practice is “the discipline concerned with the reputation of organizations (or products, services or individuals) with the aim of earning understanding and support” (Fawkes, 2004). “It’s all about reputation the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you” (ibid.).
In order to have a more understanding of Public Relations, it is better to have a closer look of a Public Relations’ activities. Fawkes (2001) outlined the complete activities of a variety of Public Relations specialization along with the explanation and examples of what to produce accordingly. Examples of what Public Relations practitioners do
Public Relations Activity Explanation Examples
Internal Communication Communicating with employees in-house newsletter, suggestion box
Corporate PR Communicating on behalf of Annual reports, conferences, ethical whole organization, not good statements, visual identity, images or services.
Media Relations Communicating with journalists Press releases, photocalls, video
Specialists, editors from local, news releases, off-the record
National and international media briefings, press events.
Business to Business Communicating with other Exhibitions, trade events, newsletter
Organizations, e.g. suppliers,
Retailers.
Public Affairs Communicating with opinion formers, Presentations, briefings, private
e.g. local/national politicians, public speeches. Monitoring political environment.
Community Relations/ Communicating with local community, Exhibitions, presentations,
Corporate Social Responsibility Elected representatives, head teachers. Letters, meetings, sport activities,
And other sponsorships.
Investor Relations Communicating with financial newsletters, briefings, events
Organizations/individuals
Strategic Communication Identification&analysis of situation Researching, planning and execu-
Problem&solutions to further ting a campaign to improve
Organizational goals ethical reputation of organization.
Issues Management Monitoring political, social, economic Considering the effect of US eco-
And technological environment nomy and presidential campaign
Of UK organization.
Crisis Management Communicating clear messages in Dealing with media after major
In fast changing situation or rail crash on behalf of police,
Emergency. Hospital or local authority.
Copywriting Writing for different audiences to Press releases, newsletters,
High standard of literacy. Annual report.
Publication Management Overseeing print/media processes, leaflets, internal magazines,
Often using new technology. Websites.
Events Management Organisation of complex events, Annual Conferences, press
Exhibitions. Launch, trade shows.
Source: Fawkes (2001)
Entry Requirement
Now, what skills and knowledge are required to be able to work as a Public Relations officer? Public Relations industry welcomes highly competent individuals from any academic background who are always willing to learn new things because it requires skill, knowledge and expertise from all disciplines. There are generally some subjects which boost your career into Public Relations industry such as Public Relations, Journalism, Business Management, Marketing, Psychology, Politic and English (www.prospects.ac.uk). Other Public Relations professionals have joined the occupation by working their way up possibly via the secretarial route or by moving across areas such as journalism or marketing. a research conducted on what employers require from the Public Relations graduates or job searchers showed that Literacy is the primary skill required. They also ranked that the second most important skill is teamwork followed by problem solving, analytical thinking, research skills, IT skills and Numeracy. Furthermore, Public Relations Society of America (PRSA; 1999; www.prsa.org.) and Institute of Public Relations (2003) released a complete list of Port of Entry Recommendations on knowledge and skills for a Public Relations officer as follow:
Port of Entry Recommendations on the Knowledge and Skills of Public
Relations (Source: PRSA, 1999; Pritchard, et al, 2006)
Necessary Knowledge Includes Necessary Skills Include
Communication and PR theories Research methods and analysis
Societal trends Management of Information
Public Relations history Management of communication
Legal requirements and issues Problem solving and negotiation
Multicultural and global issues Strategic Planning
Participation in the professional PR community Issues Management
Working with a current issue Audience segmentation
Applying cross-cultural and cross-gender Informative and Persuasive Writing
Communication and persuasion concepts and strategies Community relations, consumer relations,
employee relations and other practice
areas.
Relationships and relationship building Technological and visual literacy
Ethical Issues Managing people, programmes and
Resources
Marketing and Finance Sensitive interpersonal communication
Use of research and forecasting Fluency in a foreign language.
Organisational change and development Ethical decision making
Message production
Public Speaking and presentation
Understanding of business Written and verbal communication
Corporate Strategy Creativity
Finance and Corporate Governance Media Relations
Data Analysis Crisis Management
Audience Research Issues Management
Management of resource and people Interpersonal Skills
Credibility and Integrity
Flexibility
Where Public Relations Work?
It is also important to understand where Public Relations work. Public Relations works in or for Public Relations firms, non-profit organization e.g. Charity, or for-profit organization such as private companies, universities, hospitals, high technology firms and so forth. A different place of work usually refers to different Public Relations titles as it represents their specialization. Public Relations who works for government agencies, for example, are usually called Public Information Officers, Information Officers, Public Affairs Specialists, Press Secretaries or Communication Specialists. A Public Relations who works for an event management company might be called Event Specialists and many others.
Public Relations practitioners usually work under three categorizations:
1. In-house (employed by an organization, whether a public or private company or a
public body, charity or non-governmental organization, NGO).
2. Consultancy (agency where practitioners work for one or more different clients for a
fee).
3. Freelance practitioners (where an individual works for himself and is employed by in-house departments or consultancies on a short-term contract basis either for a specific project or to fill in during peaks in demand or become staff absence requires additional resources.
Although works of Public Relations for the above categories seem the same they actually differ for some extent:
• In-house: get to know one organization in depth, work across wide range of Public Relations activities, from writing or editing house journal to arranging visits by or to MPs/opinion formers, etc. get to know a sector or industry well, e.g. music, motoring.
• Consultancy: work across many accounts, variety of clients, changing environment, may work in specialist area such as technology, finance or public affairs. Travel Works, Jari-Jari, Dish Publicity and PT Sagas Dinamik are some examples of Bali based Public Relations consultancy.
Who Wants to be a Public Relations Officer?
“Everybody can be a Public Relations”. This popular saying among practitioners is not meant to underestimate the role of formal education of Public Relations but to boost the motivation of individuals from a variety of field of study to be able to prepare him/herself getting into Public Relations industry. The point is having preparation of the above mentioned activities. The graduates or professionals willing to get into Public Relations industry may also need to prepare themselves such as work experience or volunteering in any events or activities which could boost your experience and self confidence. The following are some tips to prepare if you are interested in working as a Public Relations officer;
• Learn Foreign Languages. Eventhough English is still the most important and widely spoken language, mastery of other foreign languages is an advantage of working as a Public Relations. This is because the globalization era has resulted in the emergence of amazing countries as ‘new economic players’ such as Japan, China, Germany and Korea. Accordingly, understanding their languages is important in business. In countries with well established international business, Public Relations agencies demand proficiency in at least two foreign languages.
• Join Personality Improvement Courses. As a Public Relations officer mostly deals with people, either face to face or via telephone or internet, good personal and interpersonal skill is strongly required in order to give good impression towards the organization s/he works for. This could be done by joining personality courses such as Etiquette, Public Speaking and Public Manner.
• Join and write for Mass Media (Newspaper, Magazine)
As writing is one of the fundamentals skills a Public Relations practitioner must have, it should be improved by contributing to the mass medias such as newspaper, magazine, bulletin, leaflets, fliers etc. Joining a publication organization is also very useful to learn various parts of media and how it works. Media is the most powerful tool of Public Relations as a medium to gather information and to communicate the organization to the public. Public Relations then is very close with media. Do not forget to keep a record of what you have written or joined!
• Improve General Knowledge or of Related Field of Work.
Public Relations industry requires individuals with mastery of any related information particularly related with the project being conducted. A PR under project of Information technology, for example, should be well informed with IT related information. Therefore, mass media as a source of information is very important to deal with for the graduates looking for jobs in PR.
• Be active in organizations. It has been proved that those who used to join school or college based organizations are more successful in career than those who did not. School or college based organization are a perfect place for students to learn important skills and knowledge which later support their real jobs activities. As one of Public Relations activities is managing a special event, having experience in organizing is a useful skill to have. Organization is also a perfect place to learn other skills such as team work, event management, leaderships, self confidentiality, time and self management. Remember to keep a record of you have organized.
• Networking; taking part in societies and charity. Public Relations is relationships; how to build and maintain a mutual relationships with a variety of public. Therefore, a broad networking is highly required through which friends, clients, practitioners gather as a source of information and medium of communication for the purpose of the jobs.
* English and Public Relations Instructor
The Business Administration Department
Bali State Polytechnic, Bali, Indonesia.
(0361) 7986973, 0852 378 23698
dwicahaya_putra@yahoo.com